2010/04/01 · The aqueous binder solution prepared for the trials consisted of 33% (w/w) polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, MW 40,000 g/mol, supplied by Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) in distilled water. No model active ingredient was included in this study. The aqueous solution of PVP was mixed with the lactose at 5–12% (w/w) in a tumbling blender for 10 min